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Hybrid-electric vehicles combine the benefits of gasoline engines and electric motors to provide improved fuel economy.
The engine provides most of the vehicle's power, and the electric motor provides additional power when needed, such as for accelerating and passing. This allows a smaller, more-efficient engine to be used.
The electric power for the motor is generated from regenerative braking and from the gasoline engine, so hybrids don't have to be "plugged in" to an electrical outlet to recharge.
STARTING
When the vehicle is started, the gasoline engine "warms up."
If necessary, the electric motor acts as a generator, converting energy from the engine into electricity and storing it in the battery.
CRUISING
The gasoline engine powers the vehicle at cruising speeds and, if needed, provides power to the battery for later use.
PASSING
During heavy accelerating or when additional power is needed, the gasoline engine and electric motor are both used to propel the vehicle.
Additional power from the battery is used to power the electric motor as needed
BRAKING:
Regenerative braking converts otherwise wasted energy from braking into electricity and stores it in the battery.
In regenerative braking, the electric motor is reversed so that, instead of using electricity to turn the wheels, the rotating wheels turn the motor and create electricity. Using energy from the wheels to turn the motor slows the vehicle. If additional stopping power is needed, conventional friction brakes (e.g., disc brakes) are also applied automatically.
STOPPED
When the vehicle is stopped, such as at a red light, the gasoline engine and electric motor shut off automatically so that energy is not wasted in idling.
The battery continues to power auxillary systems, such as the air conditioning and dashboard displays. The battery stores energy generated from the gasoline engine or during regenerative braking, from the electric motor. Since the battery helps power the vehicle, it is larger and holds much more energy than batteries used to start conventional engines. DOE’s Alternative Fuels Data Center